On the eve of Woody Guthrie’s 100th birthday celebration, we conclude Pete Mason’s look at protest music in the United States. Be sure to read part one, and part two if you haven’t done so yet.In the 1980s, the Cold War and arms race were the driving force behind a new manifestation of anti-war music. A defense shield in space dubbed “Star Wars,” the growth of nuclear weapons between the Soviet Union and America, as well as the threat of World War III via the military-industrial complex was the foundation for protest music. Elvis Costello and the Attractions sang “Peace in our Time” and memorably on Saturday Night Live covered Nick Lowe’s “(What’s so funny ‘bout) Peace, Love and Understanding”

And as I walked on
Through troubled times
My spirit gets so downhearted sometimes
So where are the strong
And who are the trusted?
And where is the harmony?
Sweet harmony
‘Cause each time I feel it slippin’ away, just makes me wanna cry
What’s so funny ’bout peace, love and understanding?

Meanwhile, Bruce Springsteen’s “Born in the USA” was hailed as tribute to American pride when in reality the song’s title was the window dressing on a song detailing the long term effects of Vietnam. The lyrics discuss the lasting problems caused by war on the working class, as well as the lack of economic opportunities in the years following withdrawal from Vietnam. While President Reagan and other conservatives of the 1980s latched onto the song due to its positive, nationalism-boosting title, the lyrics told the story of a nation exhausted from war.

Pink Floyd’s The Wall chronicles the plight of Pink following the loss of his father during World War II. Tones of isolation are referenced in the more than two dozen songs in the rock opera as an oppressive mother, abusive teachers along with the trauma of losing his father at a young age lead to a projection of a metaphorical wall built up around him. The wall separates him from the outside world, similar to that of the Berlin Wall separating half of Europe from the rest. Before the wall could be torn town, the mass hallucination of the arms race and advancing militarism needed to end.

Bruce Hornsby’s “The Way It Is,” a song that questions the status quo, went to #1 on the US charts in 1986. It protests of the social and cultural morays of the country, suggesting that things will never change. The song laments the struggle between the rich and the poor, the continuance of segregation in new forms and looks back in dismay at how the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is already in need of an update.

A unique song that protested protest music “God Bless the USA” by Lee Greenwood was meta before meta was cool. A 1984 country song for the flag waving crowd, Greenwood’s anthem noted that in America, ‘at least I know I’m free’, exploring the country and all that has been done to defend her (and seems to reference Woody Guthrie’s “This Land Is Your Land,” without acknowledging the origins of that tune as a protest song). The song found a second life during the first Gulf War in 1990 and again during the second Gulf War a decade later. Greenwood sings in the refrain “and I’d gladly stand up next to you and defend her still today,” leading comedian David Cross to remark “Well, here’s your second chance,” and noting the hypocritical nature of the song.

The 1990s saw some of the loudest sounds of protest since the 1960s. Neil Young’s “Rockin’ in the Free World” reportedly originated after Crazy Horse guitarist Frank “Poncho” Sampedro saw burning flags in Iran and said to Young, “Whatever we do, we shouldn’t go near the Mideast. It’s probably better we just keep on rockin’ in the free world.” And that they did. Making a cutting jab at President George H.W. Bush with the line “a thousand points of light” from his inauguration speech, Young mocked him by saying the thousand points of light were for a homeless man, and that the making the country a better place would happen only under the constant din of war.

Led by Zach de la Rocha and Tom Morello, Rage Against the Machine was perhaps the most memorable band to write songs of protest for Generation Xer’s. “Killing in the Name” explores the racism of security and police forces. “Bulls on Parade” discusses the proactive drive of business and industry towards military action and thus towards lucrative contracts. Other songs such as “Without a Face” focus on the government overstepping its bounds.

Carol Lloyd has written that Rage Against the Machine brings Woody Guthrie’s “Deportee” to the late 20th century through Rage’s song “Without a Face.” “The lyrics describe the desperate plight of illegal immigrants sneaking across the border to look for work. Without any official status in the United States, they ‘got no soul’ and are ‘born without a face’ — making them easy for us to ignore.” This is an ongoing problem in the country, with misguided policies against undocumented immigrants, the plight continues, as do the power of both songs.

The first decade of the 2000s had a focus on both anti-war as well as against the neo-conservative policies of new American imperialism. Before any protest music could come to light during the presidency of George W. Bush, the events of 9/11 became the focus of protest music to start the decade. Two country singers sang the most popular songs that collectivized the emotional impact of that day, Darryl Worley with “Have You Forgotten?” and Alan Jackson with “Where Were You (When the World Stopped Turning),” the latter of which won a Grammy for Best Country Song. Other country artists spoke out in opposition to later wars, particularly in Iraq, including The Dixie Chicks with “Not Ready to Make Nice” and Merle Haggard (who defended The Dixie Chicks) with “That’s the News.” The Dixie Chicks were outspoken (ashamed is the term they used) about President Bush and the drive to war and wrote the song to protest the backlash against them for speaking their minds. Haggard, once upon a time sang against protestors in “Okie from Muskogee” but had now changed his tune (literally and figuratively) and was against the war in Iraq.

Pearl Jam has written a number of songs over their 20+ year career that deal with political themes, among them “Bushleaguer,” “World Wide Suicide,” “No More,” “Inside Job,” ‘Gimme Some Truth" and “Wishlist.” In “Wishlist” Eddie Vedder sings “I wish I was a neutron bomb, for once I would go off” although the lyrics are often changed in concert to say “and I would never go off.” On the 2004 Vote for Change tour as well as at recent shows, Vedder would change the lyrics in “Corduroy” to reflect his position on war" : “can’t buy what I want because it’s peace.” “Bushleaguer” takes aim at President Bush,

A confidence man, but why so beleaguered?
He’s not a leader, he’s a Texas leaguer
Swinging for the fence, got lucky with a strike
Drilling for fear, makes the job simple
Born on third, thinks he got a triple

moe.’s “George,” jabs at President Bush in a salient and blunt method, giving him a dose of anger with potential justification for his actions and inaction, but expressing an overall disappointment with his presidency.

It doesn’t give you the right to
Co-opt my existence
So anything that you might do
Feeds into my own resistance
Could you be a little more concerned
with the simple things like my life
maybe think a little less short term
I’ve got enough going on in my life and I don’t want to get burned

Prior to the election in 2008, famed soul singer Solomon Burke recorded the song “None of us are Free” for his album Like a Fire. Singing “We’ve got to get the message, send it loud and clear … We’ve got to join in spirit, heart and mind … None of us are free, in one of us in chained, none of us are free,” was a collective cry out to unite and help those who are suffering lest we are all brought down as a result

With the election of Barack Obama as President in 2008, numerous songs were written and recorded that captured the hope of the era. Among these those who performed such selections included Spearhead ( “Barack Obama” ), Steel Pulse ( “Vote Barack” ), Will.i.am and Friends ( “Yes We Can” ) and Ani DiFranco ( “November 5, 2008” ). Great pride was taken not only in the election of the first African-American president but also for the ideas he had for America to move forward.

Shortly after Obama’s inauguration, Pete Seeger celebrated his 90th birthday in style at Madison Square Garden with a packed house and star studded lineup. Commemorating Seeger was overdue, and many of the artists that he inspired were in attendance to sing his songs, including Morello, DiFranco, Kris Kristofferson, Arlo Guthrie, Richie Havens, Joan Baez and many more. Springsteen and Morello sang “The Ghost of Tom Joad,” which updated Seeger’s “The Ballad of Tom Joad” (although both draw on Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath ). Springsteen later released the album We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions in 2006, interpreting thirteen songs long performed by Seeger.

As for Morello, he is one of the most active and committed protest singers today. Morello’s songs with Rage were full of angst and struggle, common themes of 90s protest music. This decade however, The Nightwatchman sings of togetherness and freedom and in support of the opponents against the overreach of the right-wing agenda following the last election cycle. “It is a global social justice movement to invert the pyramid of inequality. It’s already had great successes in that it has politicized a generation” Morello told Rolling Stone this past October regarding Occupy Wall Street. An EP, Union Town, was released earlier this year, drawing on the protests against Gov. Walker of Wisconsin and his anti-collective bargaining bill and anti-labor actions.

His latest album Worldwide Rebel Songs has the signature of the Occupy movement in its title, despite being recorded and released before the movement had begun in earnest. Songs such as “Speak and Make Lightning” have a hard, gritty feel to them, similar to the folk of Seeger and Guthrie. With each refrain you can picture a group crowded around The Nightwatchman echoing the lyrics and refrain, just as the folk movement singers once did and continue to do. The title track features the sing-along style again, “Worldwide revel songs, Sing out loud all night long, hang on man, it wont be long, worldwide rebel songs” providing positive feeling to what we are doing through our occupations; the uplifting sentiment these songs provide is enough to help drive us for another hour, another day, another week in the struggle for true freedom and equality. Throughout the album, Morello sings about the hard times Americans face, Worldwide Rebel Songs is the uplifting soundtrack for Occupy Wall Street in New York City and around the country.

Do these songs make a difference? It depends who you ask. For those singing the songs in unity, the music is uplifting and gives energy and drive to keep fighting for rights. Those hearing the songs on the radio may not realize the overt meanings behind the songs – few dancing to Railroad Earth’s “Warhead Boogie” think about the lyrics “Building lots of warheads, Building ‘em real, real nice, Douglas, Grumman. North American, they all get a slice” but know the song has a political tilt from the title alone. And while there are those who question the impact of music on any movement because it is not visible or tangible, an open mind is a wonderful thing to have when it comes to music and ideas.

As the Occupy Wall Street movement grows, the music that supports and gives voice to it will increase steadily. Musicians were a steady presence performing to those camped out in Zuccotti Park and it remains only a matter of time before we are listening to the latest wave of protest music and with it, the history of popular movements in America springs to life anew.

Thanks to all the musicians as well as Greg Mitchell from Mother Jones for influencing the writing of this piece.